This 2018 study analyzed data from NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES IV (2007–2010) to assess shifts in biological aging among U.S. adults. Findings indicated that biological age decreased over time, particularly among older adults and males. These improvements were partially attributed to changes in modifiable behaviors such as reduced smoking
This 2022 review article explores various biomarkers and methodologies for assessing biological age, emphasizing the concept of aging clocks. It discusses the development and application of different types of aging clocks, including epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation patterns, glycomic clocks analyzing glycan structures, and telomeric clocks measuring telomere length.
This 2022 study by Nie et al. utilized multi-omics data from 4,066 individuals to estimate the biological age (BA) of various organs and systems, revealing that different organs age at distinct rates. The researchers integrated data from clinical tests, immune profiling, metabolomics, gut microbiome analyses, physical fitness assessments, and facial
This 2017 review outlines the mechanisms of aging, emphasizing both molecular and physiological aspects. It discusses well-described molecular and cellular hallmarks and physiological changes of aging at the organ-system level. The authors propose methods to measure aging by integrating molecular biology (e.g., telomere length, epigenetic marks) and physiological function (e.g.,
