This comprehensive review traces the understanding of testosterone deficiency from antiquity to modern times. It highlights early observations by Aristotle on castration effects, the 19th-century experiments by Berthold establishing internal secretion concepts, and the self-experiments by Brown-Séquard that popularized organotherapy. The isolation and synthesis of testosterone in 1935 marked a
This 2013 review discusses the clinical use of androgen therapy in women, particularly for those experiencing hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). It highlights the role of androgens in sexual function, behavior, and cognition, noting that adrenal androgens may influence sexual symptoms and cognitive function in postmenopausal women. The article emphasizes
This review examines the relationship between testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS), its treatment, and the associated risks of prostate and breast cancer. TDS is prevalent in aging men and linked to conditions such as sexual dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. The study found that restoring testosterone levels through testosterone replacement therapy
This article explores the use of androgen therapy in addressing female sexual dysfunction, highlighting the role of androgens in female sexual health, libido, and overall well-being. It evaluates clinical evidence supporting androgen therapy, including its potential benefits in improving sexual desire and function, while also addressing associated risks. The study
A review published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine examined the role of testosterone therapy in managing hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in postmenopausal women. The study found that testosterone treatment significantly improves sexual desire and satisfaction in this population. However, potential side effects such as hirsutism and acne were
This study examines the relationship between testosterone therapy and cancer risk, particularly its impact on prostate cancer. The findings suggest that testosterone therapy does not increase the risk of prostate cancer recurrence, even in men with high-risk prostate cancer. However, due to the retrospective nature of this and prior studies,
This review examines the potential anabolic effects of androgens on bone metabolism, highlighting their role in increasing bone mineral density through both direct receptor-mediated mechanisms and indirect pathways via aromatization to estrogens. The article discusses clinical studies suggesting that androgen therapy may benefit hypogonadal men and postmenopausal women by improving
This review article explores the role of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT) in managing menopausal symptoms and improving quality of life in women. It discusses how estrogen deficiency during menopause leads to symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, and mood changes. The review highlights growing evidence
This article reviews the role of testosterone in sexual and somatic health for both men and women, emphasizing its impact when deficient. The review highlights the need for clinical awareness and appropriate treatment, recommending testosterone therapy based on individual diagnoses. Testosterone supplementation can improve sexual function and overall well-being. The
This study examined the effects of estrogen-androgen and estrogen-only therapy on vasomotor symptoms, gonadotropin secretion, and endogenous androgen bioavailability in postmenopausal women. The randomized controlled trial included 93 participants who received different hormone therapy regimens over 12 weeks. Findings showed that lower-dose estrogen-androgen therapy effectively reduced menopausal symptoms compared to
