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Tag: 3

Effect of Iodothyronines on Thermogenesis: Focus on Brown Adipose Tissue

This review examines the role of iodothyronines, particularly triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), in regulating thermogenesis via brown adipose tissue (BAT). T3 enhances BAT thermogenic activity by upregulating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. 3,5-T2, a thyroid hormone metabolite, also stimulates BAT thermogenesis through mechanisms that are

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

3,5-Diiodothyronine: A Novel Thyroid Hormone Metabolite and Potent Modulator of Energy Metabolism

This review explores the metabolic effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), an endogenous thyroid hormone metabolite. In rodent models, exogenous 3,5-T2 administration rapidly increases resting metabolic rate and induces beneficial hypolipidemic effects. The mechanisms are primarily non-genomic, targeting mitochondria to enhance oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. While some thyroid hormone receptor-mediated

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites

This review explores the distinct and overlapping peripheral effects of thyroid hormones (THs), particularly triiodothyronine (T3), and their metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). T3 and 3,5-T2 enhance mitochondrial activity and thermogenesis, notably in brown adipose tissue (BAT), with 3,5-T2 mimicking T3’s effects without significant cardiac side effects.

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Biological Effects of 3,5-Diiodothyronine (T₂)

This review explores the biological activities of 3,5-diiodothyronine (T₂), a metabolite of thyroid hormones. T₂ stimulates mitochondrial respiration through nuclear-independent pathways, enhancing energy expenditure and oxygen consumption. It influences mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, and modulates enzymes and ion transporters. T₂ also exhibits thyromimetic effects, impacting

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June 26, 2025 No Comments