This review advocates for routine screening of cadmium and lead due to their widespread exposure from environmental, occupational, dietary, and lifestyle sources. It highlights the association of these metals with various chronic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cancer, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and lung disease. The article discusses
This review discusses the persistent issue of lead intoxication, highlighting its historical prevalence and ongoing relevance. It emphasizes that children are primarily affected through environmental exposure and pica behavior, while adults are at risk due to occupational hazards. Clinical manifestations are often nonspecific, including neuropsychiatric symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hematological
This large-scale prospective study analyzed data from 13,946 adults in the NHANES III cohort (1988–1994) with up to 12 years of follow-up. It found that even blood lead levels below 0.48 μmol/L (10 μg/dL) were associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Participants in the highest tertile of blood lead
This extensive review provides a detailed overview of lead exposure pathways, clinical evaluation techniques, and therapeutic approaches for managing lead toxicity. It highlights the persistence of lead in environmental sources such as paint, plumbing, soil, and imported goods. Both acute and chronic lead exposures are discussed, with emphasis on their
This guideline outlines evidence-based recommendations for managing adult lead exposure, emphasizing that adverse health effects can occur at blood lead levels (BLLs) below 40 μg/dL. Key recommendations include: removing individuals from occupational lead exposure if a single BLL exceeds 30 μg/dL or if two consecutive BLLs measured over a 4-week
This review investigates the role of lead exposure in the development of essential hypertension. Epidemiological studies have identified a positive association between lead exposure and increased blood pressure, with some studies suggesting a dose-response relationship. Mechanistic studies indicate that lead may contribute to hypertension through pathways involving oxidative stress, endothelial
This review underscores the ongoing threat of chronic lead toxicity, highlighting that despite regulatory efforts and reductions in acute exposures, long-term low-level lead exposure remains widespread and detrimental to public health. It details the mechanisms through which chronic lead exposure affects neurological, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, often with irreversible
This in-depth review outlines the molecular pathways affected by arsenic toxicity and surveys both conventional and emerging therapeutic strategies. Arsenic exposure—primarily via contaminated water and food—induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and DNA damage, contributing to carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disorders, and neurotoxicity. The review highlights the use of chelating agents
This review explores the impact of heavy metal exposure, particularly cadmium and lead, on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It highlights that both acute and chronic low-level exposures contribute to renal and cardiovascular toxicity. The article discusses the potential benefits of chelation therapy, specifically with calcium EDTA,
This review details the development and evaluation of monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA), a lipophilic analog of DMSA, as an advanced chelating agent for chronic heavy metal poisoning. MiADMSA exhibits superior cell membrane permeability, allowing it to effectively access intracellular metal deposits, particularly in arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, and gallium arsenide
