This Phase I clinical trial evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of subretinal transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (hESC-RPE) cells in seven patients with early-stage Stargardt macular degeneration (STGD1). Each patient received a single subretinal injection of 1 × 10⁵ hESC-RPE cells in one eye, with
